The black color of these spark plugs is a result of carbon buildup, which is a common issue that can occur over time due to normal engine wear and tear. This carbon buildup can negatively impact the performance of the spark plug, leading to misfires, rough idling, and poor fuel efficiency. It is important to regularly inspect and replace black spark plugs to ensure optimal engine performance.
Rotary Wheel Of Auto Parts


In conclusion, U-shaped silicone gaskets, white rubber gasket sheets, and waterproof rubber gaskets offer versatile and effective sealing solutions for a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. Understanding the advantages and applications of these gaskets is crucial for selecting the appropriate sealing components to ensure protection, reliability, and longevity in various systems and equipment.

Vulcanizates of several fluoroelastomers, listed in Table 14.1, were exposed to a standard 5W-30 engine oil, ASTM Service Fluid 105, for up to 6 weeks at 150°C (302°F).5 The oil was changed weekly, but was not aerated. Retained elongation was measured after exposure for 1, 2, 3, and 6 weeks; data are shown in Fig. 14.3. The results indicate that bisphenol-cured FKM-A500 VDF/HFP copolymer, FKM-B600 VDF/HFP/TFE terpolymer, and peroxide-cured FEPM-7456 TFE/P/VDF terpolymer lost most of their original elongation over the course of the test exposure, indicating considerable additional cross-linking occurred by reaction with amine- and phenol-containing oil additives. The other fluoroelastomers showed better retention of elongation, being much less susceptible to additional crosslinking. Note that FEPM-7456 contains a high level of VDF (about 30%), while FEPM-7506 contains a relatively low VDF level (10–15%) to serve as cure site for bisphenol curing. The other FEPM types contain no VDF.
Oil seals close off the space between stationary and moving components in the mechanical equipment. It saves the lubricant from escaping through the equipment and ensures smooth operation of the machine.
The primary function of an oil seal is to create a barrier between the rotating or moving parts of a machine and prevent oil or other fluids from leaking out. This helps to ensure that the machinery operates smoothly and efficiently without any loss of lubrication or contamination of the surrounding environment. In addition to preventing leakage, oil seals also help to retain lubricant within the system, extending the life of the equipment.
3. The spring on the lip of the oil seal tends to provide support to the lip and prevents the lubricant from leaking outside and also prevents the entry of contaminants from outside.
Types of oil seals

The most common oil seals are the ERIKS types R, RST, M and MST, which correspond respectively to types A, AS, B and BS according to DIN 3760/ISO 6194.