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In composite construction, where steel and concrete work together, shear studs act as connectors, ensuring that the two materials move as one unit under load. This composite action significantly enhances the overall performance of the structure, improving its strength, stiffness, and durability This composite action significantly enhances the overall performance of the structure, improving its strength, stiffness, and durability This composite action significantly enhances the overall performance of the structure, improving its strength, stiffness, and durability This composite action significantly enhances the overall performance of the structure, improving its strength, stiffness, and durabilitysteel shear studs. The use of shear studs also reduces the need for heavy concrete sections, thereby optimizing material usage and reducing construction costs.

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Bracing refers to the methods used to reinforce structures by preventing excessive deformation. In the context of steel beams, bracing typically involves the addition of diagonal members, which connect the main beams to form a triangulated framework. This configuration allows the structure to distribute loads evenly, enhancing its resistance to lateral stress. There are several types of bracing systems, including cross-bracing, K-bracing, and moment-resisting frames, each serving specific structural needs and applications.


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