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  • through our respiratory tract by breathing. 
  • In short, no, research demonstrates that E171 is safe when consumed in normal situations.

    Moreover, how we're exposed to an ingredient matters significantly in terms of our health and potential toxicity.   

    Research shows that inhaling titanium dioxide particles in significant quantities over time can cause adverse health outcomes. Unless you work in an industrial setting, inhaling substantial amounts of titanium dioxide is highly unlikely. 

    Research supports that applying titanium dioxide to the skin in the form of sunscreens, makeup, and other topical products does not pose a health risk. 

    Overwhelmingly, research that's relevant to human exposure shows us that E171 is safe when ingested normally through foods and drugs (1,2).

    Again, other research suggests that E171 could cause harm; however, those research processes did not design their studies to model how people are exposed to E171. Research that adds E171 to drinking water, utilizes direct injections, or gives research animals E171 through a feeding apparatus is not replicating typical human exposure, which occurs through food and medicine consumption.

    Read more in-depth about the titanium dioxide risk at go.msu.edu/8Dp5. 

  • Relative to a lot of other things that people should be concerned about, titanium dioxide in my mind, is really low on the list. I would be more worried about some substitutes that people are using for titanium dioxide that don't have decades of research associated with it, said Westerhoff.

  • Hiding power

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  • No acute effects of nano-sized TiO2 were observed in Danio rerio (zebrafish) embryos. Exposure of rainbow trout to TiO2 NPs triggered lipid peroxidation, influence on the respiratory tract, disturbance in the metabolism of Cu and Zn, induction of intestinal erosion  and accumulation in kidney tissue. Linhua et al. exposed juvenile carp to 100 and 200 mg/ml of particles and TiO2 observed no mortality. However, the fish suffered from oxidative stress and pathological changes in gill and liver. In the infaunal species Arenicola marina, exposure to TiO2 NPs in sediment caused sub-lethal effects including decrease in casting rate and increase in cellular and DNA damage. Aggregated particles were visible in the lumen of the gut, but no uptake through the gut or the skin was observed.

  • Understanding the Wholesale Lithopone Pigment Pricelist


  • Toxic effects of TiO2 NPs on aquatic organisms

  • This article reviews the uses, benefits, and safety of titanium dioxide.

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  • Other notable manufacturers within the top 20 include Sachtleben, Venator Materials, Precheza, Iskilim Yeni Malzemeler, Tronox Limited, and Cristal USA. Each brings its unique strengths to the table, whether it be specialized pigments, geographical reach, or technological advancements.
  • ABC Company's titanium dioxide products are known for their excellent hiding power, brightness, and durability, making them ideal for use in a wide range of applications. The company offers a comprehensive range of titanium dioxide grades to cater to the specific requirements of different industries, including rutile, anatase, and nano-sized titanium dioxide particles.